Firmware

Firmware is software embedded in hardware devices, stored in ROM or flash memory. Nearly all electronic devices run on firmware.

QR code-related firmware includes handheld scanner firmware (image processing and decode engines updated for new QR standards like rMQR), POS terminal firmware (updated for GS1 QR code support), and smartphone camera systems (iOS 11 added native QR scanning).

Security requires keeping firmware current - vulnerable QR code readers on networks can become attack entry points.